Compositions and methods for treating chronic urticaria

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are methods of treating conditions, which may be associated with elevated levels of mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, or a combination thereof, with a therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole or pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof.

This application is a U.S. national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Application No. PCT/US2014/050951 filed on Aug. 13, 2014 entitled “Compositions and Methods for Treating Chronic Urticaria”, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/865,583 filed Aug. 13, 2013 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/987,117 filed May 1, 2014, each of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the present invention relate to methods of treating a chronic urticaria and related conditions in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the condition is treated. In some embodiments, the levels of mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, or a combination thereof in the subject are reduced following administration to the subject of a therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Some embodiments are directed to methods of treating a condition characterized by elevated levels of mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, or a combination thereof in a subject, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the levels of mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, or a combination thereof are reduced. In some embodiments, the condition is characterized by elevated levels of mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, or a combination thereof in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, tissue, or a combination thereof.

Some embodiments are directed to methods of treating a condition characterized by the increased levels of activation of mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, or a combination thereof in a subject, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the levels of activation of mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, or a combination thereof are reduced. In some embodiments, the condition is characterized by elevated levels of mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, or a combination thereof in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, tissue, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the condition is chronic urticaria. In some embodiments, the chronic urticaria is chronic idiopathic urticaria. In some embodiments, the chronic urticaria is chronic autoimmune urticaria. In some embodiments, the condition is a physical urticaria, such as acquired cold urticaria, delayed pressure urticaria, heat urticaria, solar urticaria, demographic urticaria, urticaria factitia, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the condition is aquagenic urticaria, cholinergic urticaria, contact urticaria, exercise-induced urticaria, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 50 mg to about 1,500 mg per day. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose is from about 100 mg to about 1,500 mg per day. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose is from about 150 mg to about 1,500 mg per day. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose is from about 300 mg to about 1,500 mg per day. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose is from about 50 mg to about 300 mg per day. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose is from about 100 mg to about 600 mg per day. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose is from about 150 mg to about 600 mg per day. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose is from about 300 mg to about 600 mg per day.

In some embodiments, administering a therapeutically effective dose comprises administering the dose as a fraction of the therapeutically effective dose (as described herein) two or more times per day. In some embodiments, administering a therapeutically effective dose comprises administering a dose equal to about half of a therapeutically effective dose twice per day. In some embodiments, the dose is administered every about 12 hours. In some embodiments, administering a therapeutically effective dose comprises administering about 75 mg two times per day. In some embodiments, administering a therapeutically effective dose comprises administering about 25 mg two times per day, about 75 mg two times per day, about 150 mg two times per day or about 300 mg two times per day.

Some embodiments further comprise administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more secondary agents selected from a corticosteroid, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, a fusion protein, a monoclonal antibody directed against one or more pro-inflammatory cytokines, a chemotherapeutic agent, or a combination thereof.

Various embodiments may also comprise an induction step. In some embodiments, said induction step comprises administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a secondary agent capable of decreasing levels of mast cells and/or basophils in the subject prior to administration of a therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole. In some embodiments, the secondary agent is dexpramipexole. In some embodiments, the secondary agent is selected from a corticosteroid, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, a fusion protein, a monoclonal antibody directed against one or more pro-inflammatory cytokines, a chemotherapeutic agent, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said induction step comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a secondary agent for a period of about 1 day to about 6 months.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 depicts the dose- and time-dependent effects of dexpramipexole on eosinophil counts from minipigs. The reduction of eosinophils was observed in minipigs in long-term toxicity studies (n=5-9 dose group/treatment interval).

FIG. 2 depicts the dose- and time-dependent effects of dexpramipexole on eosinophil counts in Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials. FIG. 2A depicts the effect in the Phase 2 trial CL201 (n=22-25 per group). In FIG. 2A the time period marked “W” represents the end of the 4-week washout following the month 3 time point. FIG. 2B depicts the effect in the Phase 3 trial EMPOWER. (Mean±SEM, N=474 at baseline, N=328 at 12 months in dexpramipexole group, 467 and 340 in placebo group).

FIG. 3 depicts the effects of dexpramipexole on basophils and neutrophils in the Phase 3 trial. (Mean±SEM, N=474 at baseline in dexpramipexole group, 468 in placebo group). FIG. 3A depicts the time-dependent effects on basophils. FIG. 3B depicts the effects on neutrophils.

FIG. 4 shows that dexpramipexole decreases eosinophils even when the baseline counts are elevated. FIG. 4A shows the effects on a subject in the Phase 2 study with a high baseline eosinophil count. FIG. 4B shows the effects on a subject in the Phase 3 trial with a high baseline eosinophil count.

FIG. 5 shows the change in complete blood counts (CBC) in dexpramipexole and placebo groups from baseline to month 6 in the Phase 3 trial.

FIG. 6 shows the effects of dexpramipexole on multipotent hematopoietic stem cells and lineage cells in the bone marrow of BalbC wild type mice. FIG. 6A shows the cell numbers for cell surface marker Sca1⁺ c-Kit⁺ cells that are lineage negative for the three study groups. FIG. 6B shows the Siglec-F^(lo) IL5Rα^(hi) positive cell numbers for the three study groups.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Chronic urticaria, a condition recognized by Hippocrates, is characterized by the presence of pruritic hives appearing intermittently or continually for 6 weeks or longer with or without angioedema. Millions of people are affected worldwide each year, often with significant effects on quality of life. Standard therapy for chronic urticaria consists of the use of non-sedating H1-antihistamines. Most patients are inadequately controlled with H1-antihistamines and non-approved, second-line and third-line therapies include H2-antihistamines, glucocorticoids, leukotriene receptor agonists, methotrexate, dapsone, mycophenolate, tacrolimus, hydroxychloroquine, cyclosporine and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy (IVIG).

Mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, and Immunoglobulin E (IgE) are believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic urticaria. In particular, the degranulation of and histamine release by activated mast cells and basophils, including through induction by autoantibodies to IgE and/or its receptor FURL have been reported to play an effector role in the pathogenesis of chronic urticaria. Recently completed phase 2 and phase 3 trials showed that omalizumab, an anti-IgE antibody, was effective in reducing the clinical signs and symptoms of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Omalizumab is believed to exert its action in chronic idiopathic urticaria by reducing the function of the FCεRI in basophils and mast cells, further supporting the role of these cells in chronic urticaria pathology.

Mast cells and basophils exhibit numerous similar properties. Both are granulated cells that contain histamine and heparin. Both cell types also release histamine upon binding to IgE. It is well established that basophils leave the bone marrow fully mature, whereas mast cells circulate in an immature form, completing their development only after reaching a tissue site. Infiltration of basophils and mast cells has been observed in urticaria lesions.

Mast cells and basophils also share developmental lineage with each other and with eosinophils. All three cell types differentiate from a common precursor in bone marrow expressing the CD34 molecule. The transcription factor GATA-2 plays an essential role in guiding the development of mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils.

Mast cells are widely distributed multi-effector cells best known for their role in the development of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions including chronic idiopathic urticaria and bronchial asthma. Following stimulation, mast cells are also known to secrete their granular contents, including vasoactive amines, cytokines and chemokines, and various proteases, including tryptase and chymase. They also synthesize plasma membrane-derived lipid mediators, including prostaglandins and leukotrienes. These diverse biological actions suggest mast cells play a role in the pathophysiology of different diseases, including atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, ischemia-reperfusion injury, male infertility, autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, bladder pain syndrome (interstitial cystitis), anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, nociception, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and neuroinflammation associated with autism, as well as chronic urticaria. Basophils represent less than 1% of peripheral blood leukocytes and in the past have sometimes been regarded as possibly redundant circulating mast cells. Over the past decade, however, basophils have been determined to generate large quantities of T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines such as IL-4, suggesting a potentially important role for basophils in allergic disorders and immunity to pathogens. It has been reported that the treatment of mice with a basophil-depleating monoclonal antibody abolished the development of IgE-mediated chronic allergic dermatitis that is characterized by massive eosinophil infiltration, even though basophils accounted for only approximately 2% of the infiltrates. These findings suggest that basophils play a pivotal role in the development of IgE-mediated chronic allergic inflammation.

Certain cell surface markers are upregulated at the time of basophil stimulation and/or degranulation. Their expression is a reflection of the activation state of basophils and their detection in flow cytometry assays is the basis of the basophil activation tests. These cell surface markers include CD63 and CD203c and their upregulation is stimulated by factors that include IgE, complement, and/or chemokines.

Basophil activation is believed to be a pivotal factor in the development of allergic diseases. The high affinity IgE-receptor FcεRIα is known to be upregulated in patients with chronic urticaria, and it has been recently shown that CD63 and CD203c are significantly upregulated as well.

Eosinophils are also leukocytes whose presence has been detected in urticaria lesions, often co-localized with the toxic eosinophil cationic protein. In chronic urticaria, eosinophils are also associated with the release of tissue factor, a pro-thrombotic protein strongly expressed in urticaria lesions.

Agents that selectively reduce mast cell, basophil, and/or eosinophil levels function, activation state or a combination thereof, might be expected to benefit patients with chronic urticaria and other conditions associated with elevated levels, or elevated levels of activation of mast cells, basophils, and/or eosinophils, including the multiple forms of chronic urticaria recited herein. elevated levels of basophils or a combination thereof such as allergic-related illnesses.

Methods and pharmaceutical compositions to reduce levels or modulate the activation state of mast cells, basophils, and/or eosinophils could address significant and persistent unmet medical needs, including in inflammatory and allergic conditions. Inflammatory and allergic conditions associated with elevated levels or the activation state of mast cells are treated primarily with antihistamines, whose effectiveness is often limited or transient. While often initially effective at ameliorating condition signs and symptoms, antihistamines commonly exhibit side effects including but not limited to drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, nausea and vomiting, restlessness or moodiness in some children, difficulty in urinating, blurred vision, and confusion. Accordingly, a major unmet need exists for a small molecule agent with established preclinical and clinical safety experience for the treatment of conditions associated with elevated levels and/or the activation state of mast cells, basophils, eosinophils or a combination thereof.

Dexpramipexole ((6R)-2-amino-4, 5,6, 7-tetrahydro-6-(propylamino) benzothiazole), is a synthetic aminobenzothiazole derivative with the following structure:

As used herein, dexpramipexole may be administered as a free base of a pharmaceutical acceptable salt. Pharmaceutical acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, any acid addition salt, preferably a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt, including, but not limited to, halogenic acid salts such as hydrobromic, hydrochloric, hydrofloric and hydroiodic acid salt; an inorganic acid salt such as, for example, nitric, perchloric, sulfuric and phosphoric acid salt; an organic acid salt such as, for example, sulfonic acid salts (methanesulfonic, trifluoromethan sulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic or p-toluenesufonic, acetic, malic, fumaric, succinic, citric, benzonic gluconic, lactic, mandelic, mucic, pamoic, pantothenic, oxalic and maleic acid salts; and an amino acid salt such as aspartic or glutamic acid salt. The acid addition salt may be a mono- or di-acid addition salt, such as a di-hydrohalogic, di-sulfuric, di-phosphoric or di-organic acid salt. In all cases, the acid addition salt is used as an achiral reagent which is not selected on the basis of any expected or known preference for the interaction with or precipitation of a specific optical isomer of the products of this disclosure.

As dexpramipexole was well-tolerated in humans following exposures up to 18 months, it may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of conditions associated with elevated levels of mast cells, basophils and/or eosinophils.

Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of the present invention, the exemplary methods, devices, and materials are now described.

In each of the embodiments described herein, the method may comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In each of the embodiments described herein, the method may consist essentially of administering a therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In each of the embodiments described herein, the method may consist of administering a therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The term “comprising” means “including, but not limited to.” The term “consisting essentially of” means the method or composition includes the steps or components specifically recited, and may also include those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the present invention. The term “consisting of” means the method or composition includes only the steps or components specifically recited.

In each of the embodiments disclosed herein, the compounds and methods may be utilized with or on a subject in need of such treatment, which may also be referred to as “in need thereof” As used herein, the phrase “in need thereof” means that the subject has been identified as having a need for the particular method or treatment and that the treatment has been given to the subject for that particular purpose.

As used herein, the term “patient” and “subject” are interchangeable and may be taken to mean any living organism, which may be treated with compounds of the present invention. As such, the terms “patient” and “subject” may include, but is not limited to, any non-human mammal, primate or human. In some embodiments, the “patient” or “subject” is an adult, child, infant, or fetus. In some embodiments, the “patient” or “subject” is a human. In some embodiments, the “patient” or “subject” is a mammal, such as mice, rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep, horses, primates, or humans.

As used herein, the term “mast cell” refers to a granulocyte that contains granules with histamine and heparin. In some embodiments, the term “mast cell” refers to a mastocyte. In some embodiments, the term “mast cell” refers to a labrocyte. In some embodiments, the term “mast cell” refers to a leukocyte. In some embodiments, the term “mast cell” refers to an inactivated mast cell. In some embodiments the term “mast cell” refers to an activated mast cell. In some embodiments, the term “mast cell” refers to a mast cell residing in the bone marrow, in the systemic circulatory system, and/or in organ tissues. In some embodiments, the organ tissue is the lung, the skin, the heart, the brain, the eye, the gastrointestinal tract, the thymus, the spleen, the ear, the nose or combinations thereof.

As used herein, the term “basophil” refers to a basophil granulocyte. In some embodiments, the term “basophil” refers to a human basophil progenitor. In some embodiments, the term “basophil” refers to a basophil lineage-committed progenitor. In some embodiments, the term “basophil” refers to a human common myeloid progenitor (hCMP). In some embodiments, the term “basophil” refers to any combination of a basophil granulocyte, a human basophil progenitor, a basophil lineage-committed progenitor, and a human common myeloid progenitor (hCMP). In some embodiments, the term “basophil” refers to a basophil residing in the bone marrow, in the systemic circulatory system, and/or in organ tissues. In some embodiments, the organ tissue is the lung, the skin, the heart, the brain, the eye, the gastrointestinal tract, the thymus, the spleen, the ear, the nose or combinations thereof.

As used herein, a condition characterized by elevated levels of mast cells, basophils, and/or eosinophils in a subject refers to a condition in which the numbers of mast cells, basophils, and/or eosinophils, as the case may be, are increased or raised compared with a normal subject or are increased or raised compared to another subject with the same condition.

As used herein, a condition characterized by elevated levels of activation of mast cells, basophils, and/or eosinophils in a subject refers to a condition in which the numbers of mast cells, basophils, and/or eosinophils, are increased or raised compared with a normal subject or are increased or raised compared to another subject with the same condition. In some embodiments, a condition characterized by elevated levels of activation of basophils is characterized by a basophil population in the peripheral blood that is about >5% CD63⁺. In yet other embodiments, a condition characterized a condition characterized by elevated levels of activation of basophils of basophils is characterized by a basophil population in the peripheral blood selected from one that is about >10% CD63⁺, about >25% CD63⁺, or about >50% CD63⁺. In some embodiments, a condition characterized by elevated levels of activation of basophils is characterized by a basophil population in the peripheral blood that is about >2.5% CD63⁺/CD203c⁺. In yet other embodiments, a condition characterized by elevated levels of activation of basophils is characterized by a basophil population in the peripheral blood selected from one that is about >5% CD63⁺/CD203c⁺, >10% CD63⁺/CD203c⁺, about >25% CD63⁺/CD203c⁺, or about >50% CD63⁺/CD203c⁺.

As used herein, the terms “adjunctive administration” and “adjunctively” may be used interchangeably, and refer to simultaneous administration of more than one compound in the same dosage form, simultaneous administration in separate dosage forms, and separate administration of more than one compound as part of a single therapeutic regimen.

As used herein, the term “antibody” may be used to include antibody and antibody fragments such as, Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, scFv, dsFv, ds-scFv, dimers, minibodies, diabodies, bispecific antibody fragments, multimers, and any combination thereof, and fragments from recombinant sources and/or produced in transgenic animals. The antibody or fragment may be from any species including mice, rats, rabbits, hamsters and humans. Chimeric antibody derivatives, i.e., antibody molecules that combine a non-human animal variable region and a human constant region are also contemplated within the scope of the invention. Chimeric antibody molecules may include, for example, humanized antibodies which comprise the antigen binding domain from an antibody of a mouse, rat, or other species, with human constant regions. Conventional methods may be used to make chimeric antibodies. It is expected that chimeric antibodies would be less immunogenic in a human subject than the corresponding non-chimeric antibody.

As used herein, the term “a no observable adverse effect level” (NOAEL) dose refers to an amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that produces no statistically, clinically or biologically significant increases in the frequency or severity of adverse effects between an exposed population and its appropriate control; some effects may be produced at this level, but they are not considered as adverse, or as precursors to adverse effects. The exposed population may be a system, tissue, animal, individual or human being treated by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor, or other clinician.

Before the present compositions and methods are described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular processes, compositions, or methodologies described, as these may vary. Moreover, the processes, compositions, and methodologies described in particular embodiments are interchangeable. Therefore, for example, a composition, dosages regimen, route of administration, and so on described in a particular embodiments may be used in any of the methods described in other particular embodiments. It is also to be understood that the terminology used in the description is for the purpose of describing the particular versions or embodiments only, and is not intended to the limit the scope of the present invention which will be limited only by the appended claims. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of the ordinary skill in the art. Although any methods similar or equivalent to those describe herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of the present invention, the preferred methods are now described. All publications and references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention.

It must be noted that, as used herein, and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

As used herein, the term “about” means plus or minus 10% of the numerical value of the number with which it is being used. Therefore, about 50% means in the range of 45%-55%.

“Optional” or “optionally” may be taken to mean that the subsequently described structure, event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the described includes instances where the event occurs and instances where it does not.

“Administering” when used in conjunction with a therapeutic means to administer a therapeutic directly or indirectly into or onto a target tissue to administer a therapeutic to a patient whereby the therapeutic positively impacts the tissue to which it is targeted. “Administering” a composition may be accomplished by oral administration, injection, infusion, inhalation, absorption or by any method in combination with other known techniques. “Administering” may include the act of self-administration or administration by another person such as a health care provider.

The term “improves” is used to convey that the present invention changes either the appearance, form, characteristics, structure, function and/or physical attributes of the tissue to which it is being provided, applied or administered. “Improves” may also refer to the overall physical state of an individual to whom an active agent has been administered. For example, the overall physical state of an individual may “improve” if one or more symptoms of the disease, condition or disorder are alleviated by administration of an active agent.

As used here, the term “therapeutic” means an agent utilized to treat, combat, ameliorate or prevent an unwanted disease, condition or disorder of a patient.

The terms “therapeutically effective amount” or “therapeutic dose” is used herein are interchangeable and may refer to the amount of an active agent or pharmaceutical compound or composition that elicits a clinical, biological or medicinal response in a tissue, system, animal, individual or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinical professional. A clinical, biological or medical response may include, for example, one or more of the following: (1) preventing a disease, condition or disorder in an individual that may be predisposed to the disease, condition or disorder but does not yet experience or display pathology or symptoms of the disease, condition or disorder, (2) inhibiting a disease, condition or disorder in an individual that is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptoms of the disease, condition or disorder or arresting further development of the pathology and/or symptoms of the disease, condition or disorder, and (3) ameliorating a disease, condition or disorder in an individual that is experiencing or exhibiting the pathology or symptoms of the disease, condition or disorder or reversing the pathology and/or symptoms experience or exhibited by the individual.

The term “treating” may be taken to mean prophylaxis of a specific disorder, disease or condition, alleviation of the symptoms associated with a specific disorder, disease or condition and/or prevention of the symptoms associated with a specific disorder, disease or condition. In some embodiments, the term refers to slowing the progression of the disorder, disease or condition or alleviating the symptoms associated with the specific disorder, disease or condition. In some embodiments, the term refers to alleviating the symptoms associated with the specific disorder, disease or condition. In some embodiments, the term refers to alleviating the symptoms associated with the specific disorder, disease or condition. In some embodiments, the term refers to restoring function which was impaired or lost due to a specific disorder, disorder or condition.

As used herein, the terms “enantiomers,” “stereoisomers,” and “optical isomers” may be used interchangeably and refer to molecules which contain an asymmetric or chiral center and are mirror images of one another. Further, the terms “enantiomers,” “stereoisomers,” or “optical isomers” describe a molecule which, in a given configuration, cannot be superimposed on its mirror images.

As used herein, the terms “optically pure” or “enantiomerically pure” may be taken to indicate that a composition contains at least 99.95% of a single optical isomer of a compound. The term “enantiomerically enriched” may be taken to indicate that a least 51% of a composition in a single optical isomer or enantiomer. The term “enantiomeric enrichment” as used herein refers to an increase in the amount of one enantiomer as compared to the other. A “racemic” mixture is a mixture of about equal amounts of (6R) and (6S) enantiomers of a chiral molecule.

Throughout this disclosure, the word “pramipexole” will refer to (6S) enantiomer of 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-6-(propylamino)benzothiazole unless otherwise specified.

The term “pharmaceutical composition” shall mean a composition including at least one active ingredient, whereby the composition is amenable to investigation for a specified, efficacious outcome in a mammal (for example, without limitation, a human). Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand and appreciate the techniques appropriate for determining whether an active ingredient has a desired efficacious outcome based upon the needs of the artisan. A pharmaceutical composition may, for example, contain dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of dexpramipexole as the active ingredient. Alternatively, a pharmaceutical composition may contain dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of dexpramipexole as the active ingredient.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” is meant to indicate those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of a patient without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, Berge et al. (1977) J. Pharm. Sciences, Vol 6. 1-19, describes pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail. A pharmaceutical acceptable “salt” is any acid addition salt, preferably a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt, including, but not limited to, halogenic acid salts such as hydrobromic, hydrochloric, hydrofloric and hydroiodic acid salt; an inorganic acid salt such as, for example, nitric, perchloric, sulfuric and phosphoric acid salt; an organic acid salt such as, for example, sulfonic acid salts (methanesulfonic, trifluoromethan sulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic or p-toluenesufonic, acetic, malic, fumaric, succinic, citric, benzonic gluconic, lactic, mandelic, mucic, pamoic, pantothenic, oxalic and maleic acid salts; and an amino acid salt such as aspartic or glutamic acid salt. The acid addition salt may be a mono- or di-acid addition salt, such as a di-hydrohalogic, di-sulfuric, di-phosphoric or di-organic acid salt. In all cases, the acid addition salt is used as an achiral reagent which is not selected on the basis of any expected or known preference for the interaction with or precipitation of a specific optical isomer of the products of this disclosure.

As used herein, the term “daily dose amount” refers to the amount of dexpramipexole per day that is administered or prescribed to a patient. This amount can be administered in multiple unit doses or in a single unit does, in a single time during the day or at multiple times during the day.

A “dose amount” as used herein, is generally equal to the dosage of the active ingredient which may be administered once per day, or may be administered several times a day (e.g. the unit dose is a fraction of the desired daily dose). For example, a non-effective dose amount of 0.5 mg/day of pramipexole may be administered as 1 dose of 0.5 mg, 2 doses of 0.25 mg each or 4 doses of 0.125 mg. The term “unit dose” as used herein may be taken to indicate a discrete amount of the therapeutic composition which comprises a predetermined amount of the active compound in a single composition, or multiple compositions that are administered at substantially the same time. A unit dose may represent the daily dose or may be a fraction of the daily dose.

Embodiments of the present invention relate to methods of treating a condition in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the condition is treated. In some embodiments, the levels of mast cells, basophils or a combination thereof in the subject is reduced following administration to the subject of a therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Various embodiments described herein are directed to a method of treating a condition characterized by normal levels of mast cells, basophils and/or eosinophils or elevated levels of mast cells, basophils and/or eosinophils in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the levels of mast cells and/or basophils are reduced. In some embodiments, the condition is characterized by elevated levels of mast cells, basophils and/or eosinophils. In some embodiments, the condition is characterized by normal levels of mast cells and/or basophils in tissues including, but not limited to lung tissue, skin tissue, bone marrow, heart tissue, brain tissue, peripheral nerve tissue, vascular tissue, gastrointestinal tissue, ocular tissue, aural tissue, or nasal tissue and combinations thereof. In yet other embodiments, the condition is characterized by normal levels of mast cells, basophils and/or eosinophils in the peripheral blood and tissues. In some embodiments, the condition is characterized by elevated levels of mast cells, basophils and/or eosinophils in tissues including, but not limited to lung tissue, skin tissue, bone marrow, heart tissue, brain tissue, peripheral nerve tissue, vascular tissue, gastrointestinal tissue, ocular tissue, aural tissue, or nasal tissue and combinations thereof. In yet other embodiments, the condition is characterized by elevated levels of mast cells, basophils and/or eosinophils in the peripheral blood and tissues. In some embodiments, the condition is chronic idiopathic urticarial.

In some embodiments, the condition is characterized by normal levels of mast cells or elevated levels of mast cells. In some embodiments, the condition is characterized by normal levels of basophils or elevated levels of basophils. In some embodiments, the condition is characterized by elevated levels of basophils with normal levels of mast cells. In other embodiments, the condition is characterized by elevated levels of mast cells with normal levels of basophils. In other embodiments, the condition is characterized by elevated levels of basophils and elevated levels of mast cells. In other embodiments, the condition is characterized by normal levels of basophils and normal levels of mast cells. In yet other embodiments, the condition is characterized by normal and/or abnormal levels of mast cells, basophils, and/or eosinophils. In some embodiments, abnormal levels refer to levels that may be either elevated above normal levels or decreased below normal levels. In some embodiments, the normal, or abnormal, levels of mast cells, basophils, eosinophils or a combination thereof may be in tissues including, but not limited to, lung tissue, skin tissue, bone marrow, heart tissue, brain tissue, peripheral nerve tissue, vascular tissue, gastrointestinal tissue, ocular tissue, aural tissue, or nasal tissue and combinations thereof. In yet other embodiments, the normal, or abnormal, of mast cells and/or basophils (as the case may be) may be in the peripheral blood and tissues.

In some embodiments, the condition is characterized by normal levels of activation of mast cells or elevated levels of activation of mast cells. In some embodiments, the condition is characterized by normal levels of activation of basophils or elevated levels of activation of basophils. In some embodiments, the condition is characterized by elevated levels of activation of basophils with normal levels of activation of mast cells. In other embodiments, the condition is characterized by elevated levels of activation of mast cells with normal levels of activation of basophils. In other embodiments, the condition is characterized by elevated levels of activation of basophils and elevated levels of activation of mast cells. In other embodiments, the condition is characterized by normal levels of activation of basophils and normal levels of activation of mast cells. In the foregoing embodiments, the normal or elevated levels of activation of mast cells, basophils, and/or eosinophils may be in tissues including, but not limited to, lung tissue, skin tissue, bone marrow, heart tissue, brain tissue, peripheral nerve tissue, vascular tissue, gastrointestinal tissue, ocular tissue, aural tissue, or nasal tissue and combinations thereof. In the foregoing embodiments, the normal or elevated levels of activation of mast cells and/or basophils may be in the peripheral blood and tissues.

In some embodiments, the condition is characterized by mild urticaria, or the appearance of less than 20 wheals in a 24-hour period; by moderate urticaria, or the appearance of 21-50 wheals in a 24-hour period; or by intense urticaria, or the appearance of more than 50 wheals in a 24-hour period.

In some embodiments, the condition is characterized by angioedema. In some embodiments, the condition is characterized by aspirin sensitivity. In some embodiments, the condition is characterized by a positive autologous serum skin test (ASST). In some embodiments, the condition is characterized by a positive erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test. In some embodiments, the condition is characterized by a positive c-reactive protein (CRP) test. In some embodiments, the condition is characterized by a positive basophil histamine release assay. In some embodiments, the condition is characterized by a positive chronic urticaria index, which may indicate the presence of autoantibody to IgE, (i.e., anti-FcεR), which may be combined with positive thyroid function testing, antithyroid microsomal titers, and/or peroxidase antibody titers. In some embodiments, the condition is characterized by the presence of FcεRIα autoantibodies, anti-IgE autoantibodies, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the condition is chronic urticaria. In some embodiments, the condition is selected from chronic idiopathic urticaria, chronic autoimmune urticaria. aquagenic urticaria, cholinergic urticaria, contact urticaria, exercise-induced urticaria, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the condition is a physical urticaria. In some embodiments, the physical urticaria is acquired cold urticaria, delayed pressure urticaria, heat urticaria, solar urticaria, demographic urticaria, urticaria factitia, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the condition is selected from the group consisting of allergy, herpes stromal keratitis, ulcerative colitis, erythroderma, urticaria, chronic idiopathic urticaria, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, an endocrinopathy, diabetes mellitus, basophilia due to estrogen administration, hypothyroidism (myxedema), viral infection, tuberculosis, iron deficiency, exposure to ionizing radiation, a neoplasia such as basophilic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, polycythemia vera, primary myelofibrosis, and essential thrombocythemia.

In some embodiments, the condition is selected from the group consisting of mastocytosis, cutaneous mastocytosis, systemic mastocytosis, urticaria pigmentosa, telangiectasia macularis eruptiva perstans, mast cell activation, mast cell activation syndrome, mast cell leukemia and mast cell sarcoma.

In some embodiments, administering a therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may include administering daily doses of about 0.1 mg or more, about 1 mg or more, about 10 mg or more, about 50 mg or more, about 75 mg or more, about 100 mg or more, about 125 mg or more, about 150 mg or more, about 175 mg or more, about 200 mg or more, about 225 mg or more, about 250 mg or more, about 275 mg or more, about 300 mg or more, about 400 mg or more, about 450 mg or more, about 500 mg or more, about 600 mg or more, about 700 mg or more, about 800 mg or more or about 1,000 mg or more, about 1,200 mg or more or about 1,500 mg or more.

In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 50 mg to about 1,500 mg per day. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is from about 100 mg to about 1,500 mg per day. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is from about 150 mg to about 1,500 mg per day. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is from about 300 mg to about 1,500 mg per day. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is from about 50 mg to about 300 mg per day. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is from about 150 mg to about 300 mg per day.

In some embodiments, administering a therapeutically effective amount comprises administering the daily dose as a fraction of the daily dose (as described herein) two or more times per day. In some embodiments, administering a therapeutically effective amount comprises administering a dose equal to about half of a daily dose twice per day. In some embodiments, the dose is administered every about 12 hours. In some embodiments, administering a therapeutically effective amount comprises administering about 75 mg two times per day. In some embodiments, administering a therapeutically effective amount comprises administering about 25 mg two times per day, about 75 mg two times per day, about 150 mg two times per day, or about 300 mg two times per day.

In some embodiments, administering a therapeutically effective amount comprises administering a single unit dose of dexpramipexole of about 0.1 mg or more, about 1 mg or more, about 10 mg or more, about 25 mg or more, about 50 mg or more, about 75 mg or more, about 100 mg or more, about 125 mg or more, about 150 mg or more, about 175 mg or more, about 200 mg or more, about 225 mg or more, about 250 mg or more, about 275 mg or more, about 300 mg or more, about 400 mg or more, about 450 mg or more, about 500 mg or more, about 600 mg or more, about 700 mg or more, about 800 mg or more, about 1,000 mg or more, about 3,000 mg or more, or about 5,000 mg or more. In some embodiments, the single unit dose comprises from about 600 mg to about 900 mg of dexpramipexole.

In some embodiments, administering a therapeutically effective amount comprises administering a single unit dose amount of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof from about 25 mg to about 5,000 mg, from about 50 mg to about 5,000 mg, from about 100 mg to about 5,000 mg, from about 150 mg to about 5,000 mg, from about 200 mg to about 5,000 mg, from about 250 mg to about 5,000 mg, from about 300 mg to about 5,000 mg, from about 400 mg to about 5,000 mg, from 450 mg to about 5,000 mg, from about 100 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 150 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 200 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 250 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 300 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 400 mg to about 3,000 mg, from 450 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 100 mg to about 1,000 mg, from about 150 mg to about 1,000 mg, from about 200 mg to about 1,000 mg, from about 250 mg to about 1,000 mg, from about 300 mg to about 1,000 mg, from about 400 mg to about 1,000 mg, from 450 mg to about 1,000 mg, from about 500 mg to about 1000 mg, from about 600 mg to about 1,000 mg. In some embodiments, the single unit dose amount may be 10 mg/day to 1,500 mg/day, more preferably 100 mg/day to 600 mg/day. In some embodiments, the single unit dose amount of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 600 mg to about 900 mg. In some embodiments, the single unit dose amount of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 300 mg to about 1,500 mg. In some embodiments, such single unit doses may be administered once per day or multiple times per day, such as twice per day or three times per day.

In another embodiment, administering a therapeutically effective amount comprises administering a single unit dose comprising at least about 50 mg of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and no more than about 1.5 mg of pramipexole. In another aspect, the present invention provides a single unit dose comprising at least about 75 mg of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and no more than about 1.5 mg of pramipexole, or at least about 100 mg of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and no more than about 1.5 mg of pramipexole. In some embodiments, the single unit dose comprises no more than 1.0 mg, no more than 0.333 mg no more than 0.3 mg no more than 0.2 mg, no more than 0.125 mg of pramipexole.

In some embodiments, the single unit dose further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, such single unit doses may be administered once per day or multiple times per day, such as twice per day or three times per day.

One of ordinary skill in the art will understand and appreciate the dosages and timing of the dosages to be administered to a subject in need thereof. The doses and duration of treatment may vary, and may be based on assessment by one of ordinary skill in the art based on monitoring and measuring improvements in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. This assessment may be made based on outward physical signs of improvement, such as increased muscle control, or on internal physiological signs or markers. The doses may also depend on the condition or disease being treated, the degree of the condition or disease being treated and further on the age, weight, body mass index and body surface area of the subject.

In some embodiments, therapeutically effective amounts, daily doses, or single unit doses of dexpramipexole may be administered once per day or multiple times per day, such as 1 to 5 doses, twice per day or three times per day.

Embodiments are also directed to a dosage regimen for administering dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to treat the conditions disclosed herein. For example, in some embodiments, the methods described herein may comprise a dosage regimen that may include a plurality of daily doses having an equal amount of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as the initial dose in one or more unit doses. In other embodiments, the dosage regimen may include an initial dose of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in one or more unit doses, then a plurality of daily doses having a lower amount of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as the initial dose in one or more unit doses. The dosage regimen may administer an initial dose followed by one or more maintenance doses. The plurality of doses following the administering of an initial dose may be maintenance doses.

Such embodiments are not limited by the amount of the initial dose and daily doses. For example, in particular embodiments, the initial dose and each of the plurality of daily doses may be from about 0.1 mg or more, about 1 mg or more, about 10 mg or more, about 50 mg or more, about 75 mg or more, about 100 mg or more, about 125 mg or more, about 150 mg or more, about 175 mg or more, about 200 mg or more, about 225 mg or more, about 250 mg or more, about 275 mg or more, about 300 mg or more, about 400 mg or more, about 450 mg or more, about 500 mg or more, about 600 mg or more, about 700 mg or more, about 800 mg or more, about 1,000 mg or more, 1,200 mg or more, or about 1,500 mg or more of dexpramipexole. In some embodiments, the one or more unit doses of the dosage regimen may be 1 to 5 unit doses, and in such embodiments, each of the one or more unit doses may be substantially equal.

In some embodiments, two unit doses of about 75 mg are administered daily, wherein each unit dose may be substantially equal. In some embodiments, three unit doses of about 75 mg are administered daily, wherein each unit dose may be substantially equal.

In other embodiments, the maintenance therapy dosing may include administering less than the initial daily dose, such as less than about 50 mg, less than about 75 mg, less than about 150 mg, less than about 300 mg, or less than 600 mg of dexpramipexole per day. Following the initial dosing regimen, the subject may be administered a maintenance dosing regimen of, for example, about 0.1 mg or more, about 1 mg or more, about 10 mg or more, about 50 mg or more, about 75 mg or more, about 100 mg or more, about 125 mg or more, about 150 mg or more, about 175 mg or more, about 200 mg or more, about 225 mg or more, about 250 mg or more, about 275 mg or more, about 300 mg or more, about 400 mg or more, about 450 mg or more, about 500 mg or more, about 600 mg or more, about 700 mg or more, about 800 mg or more, or about 1,000 mg or more, about 1,200 mg or more, or about 1,500 mg or more of dexpramipexole for a period of time such as, for example, at least 12 weeks or more or at least 6 months or 1, 2, 3, 5 or 10 years or more.

In further embodiments, the method may include an initial dosing regimen and a maintenance dosing regimen. In certain embodiments, the initial dosing regimen may include administering a higher dose of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof than the maintenance dosing regimen as either a single administration or by administering an increased dosage for a limited period of time prior to beginning a maintenance dosing regimen of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, subjects undergoing a maintenance regimen may be administered one or more higher-dosage treatments at one or more times during the maintenance dosage regimen.

In certain embodiments, the initial dosing regimen and the maintenance dosing regimen may be about 50 mg to about 1500 mg or more of dexpramipexole, about 150 mg to about 300 mg or more of dexpramipexole, about 300 mg to about 500 mg or more of dexpramipexole per day, or from about 300 mg to about 600 mg or more of dexpramipexole per day.

In some embodiments, the initial dosing regimen and the maintenance dosing regimen may include administering dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof once per day, multiple times per day, such as twice per day or three times per day. In such embodiments, the dosage regimen may continue administering an initial dose for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days, up to 4 weeks, up to 8 weeks or up to 12 weeks. In some embodiments, the dosage regimen for administering an initial dose and/or a maintenance dose may continue for an extended period of time. Various embodiments are directed to a dosing regimen for dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in which maintenance doses are maintained for an extended period of time without titration or otherwise changing the dosing regimen. In such embodiments, the extended period of time may be about 12 weeks or longer, about 6 months or longer, about 1 year or longer, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 10 years or longer, and in certain embodiments, an indefinite period of time.

Each of the dosage regimens for dexpramipexole described herein may be used in any of the methods, and the dosing regimen may be carried out using any of the compositions described herein.

In some embodiments, treatment with a therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole is without the adverse side effects associated with dopamine agonism.

Some embodiments further comprise administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more secondary agents. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole or salt thereof and the therapeutically effective amount of the one or more secondary agents may be administered individually or combined into a single dosage composition. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole or salt thereof and the therapeutically effective amount of the one or more secondary agents are administered simultaneously or sequentially.

In some embodiments, the one or more secondary agent is any drug that induces anti-inflammatory effects or is capable of decreasing levels of mast cells and/or basophils in the subject. In some embodiments, the secondary agent is an antibody. In some embodiments, the secondary agent is not dexpramipexole. In some embodiments, the secondary agent is selected from a corticosteroid, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, a fusion protein, a monoclonal antibody directed against one or more pro-inflammatory cytokines, a chemotherapeutic agent and a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the secondary agent may be a glucocorticoid, a corticosteroid, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), a phenolic antioxidant, an anti-proliferative drug, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, an anti IL-5 or an IL5 receptor monoclonal antibody, an anti IL-13 or an anti IL-13 receptor monoclonal antibody, an IL-4 or an IL-4 receptor monoclonal antibody, an anti IgE monoclonal antibody, a monoclonal antibody directed against one or more pro-inflammatory cytokines, a TNF-α inhibitor, a fusion protein, a chemotherapeutic agent or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the secondary agent is an anti-inflammatory drug. In some embodiments, anti-inflammatory drugs include, but are not limited to, alclofenac, alclometasone dipropionate, algestone acetonide, alpha amylase, amcinafal, amcinafide, amfenac sodium, amiprilose hydrochloride, anakinra, anirolac, anitrazafen, apazone, balsalazide disodium, bendazac, benoxaprofen, benzydamine hydrochloride, bromelains, broperamole, budesonide, carprofen, cicloprofen, cintazone, cliprofen, clobetasol propionate, clobetasone butyrate, clopirac, cloticasone propionate, cormethasone acetate, cortodoxone, curcumin, deflazacort, desonide, desoximetasone, dexamethasone dipropionate, diclofenac potassium, diclofenac sodium, diflorasone diacetate, diflumidone sodium, diflunisal, difluprednate, diftalone, dimethyl sulfoxide, drocinonide, endrysone, enlimomab, enolicam sodium, epirizole, etodolac, etofenamate, felbinac, fenamole, fenbufen, fenclofenac, fenclorac, fendosal, fenpipalone, fentiazac, flazalone, fluazacort, flufenamic acid, flumizole, flunisolide acetate, flunixin, flunixin meglumine, fluocortin butyl, fluorometholone acetate, fluquazone, flurbiprofen, fluretofen, fluticasone propionate, furaprofen, furobufen, halcinonide, halobetasol propionate, halopredone acetate, ibufenac, ibuprofen, ibuprofen aluminum, ibuprofen piconol, ilonidap, indomethacin, indomethacin sodium, indoprofen, indoxole, intrazole, isoflupredone acetate, isoxepac, isoxicam, ketoprofen, lofemizole hydrochloride, lomoxicam, loteprednol etabonate, lysofylline, meclofenamate sodium, meclofenamic acid, meclorisone dibutyrate, mefenamic acid, mesalamine, meseclazone, methylprednisolone suleptanate, momiflumate, nabumetone, naproxen, naproxen sodium, naproxol, nimazone, olsalazine sodium, orgotein, orpanoxin, oxaprozin, oxyphenbutazone, paranyline hydrochloride, pentosan polysulfate sodium, phenbutazone sodium glycerate, pirfenidone, piroxicam, piroxicam cinnamate, piroxicam olamine, pirprofen, prednazate, prifelone, prodolic acid, proquazone, proxazole, proxazole citrate, rimexolone, romazarit, salcolex, salnacedin, salsalate, sanguinarium chloride, seclazone, sermetacin, sudoxicam, sulindac, suprofen, talmetacin, talniflumate, talosalate, tebufelone, tenidap, tenidap sodium, tenoxicam, tesicam, tesimide, tetrydamine, tiopinac, tixocortol pivalate, tolmetin, tolmetin sodium, triclonide, triflumidate, zidometacin, zomepirac sodium, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), salicylic acid, corticosteroids, glucocorticoids, tacrolimus, pimecorlimus, mepolizumab, prodrugs thereof, and a combination thereof. In some embodiments the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is imatinib. In some embodiments the anti IL-5 monoclonal antibody is mepolizumab or reslizumab. In some embodiments, the IL-5 receptor monoclonal antibody is benralizumab. In some embodiments, the anti IL-13 monoclonal antibody is lebrikizumab or dulipumab. In some embodiments the anti IL-4 monoclonal antibody is dulipumab. In some embodiments, the anti IgE monoclonal antibody is omalizumab. In some embodiments, the TNF-α inhibitor is infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, or golimumab. In some embodiments, the fusion protein is etanercept.

Various embodiments may also comprise an induction step comprising administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a secondary agent that induces anti-inflammatory effects or is capable of decreasing levels of mast cells and/or basophils in the subject prior to administration of a therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, administration of the secondary agent may continue or may become discontinued once administration of dexpramipexole or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof starts.

In some embodiments, the induction step comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of the secondary agent for a period of about 1 day to about 6 months. In some embodiments, the secondary agent is administered for a period of about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3 days, about 4 days, about 5 days, about 6 days, about 1 week, about 2 weeks, about 3 weeks, about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, or about 6 months. In some embodiments, the induction step comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of the secondary agent for a period of less than 1 week, about 1 to 2 weeks, about 2 to 3 weeks, about 3 to 4 weeks, about 1 to 2 months, about 2 to 3 months, or about 3 to 4 months. In yet other embodiments, the induction step comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of the secondary agent until a pre-determined level of mast cells and/or basophils is reached, after which the induction step is discontinued, titrated out, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the induction step may use any of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the induction step is followed by the administration of the dosage regimens for dexpramipexole described herein as well as any of the compositions described herein.

In any of the embodiments described, a therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the secondary agents described above may be provided adjunctively in separate pharmaceutical compositions or in a single dose pharmaceutical composition in which the dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more secondary agent are combined. In some embodiments, the one or more secondary agent is a therapeutic agent capable of decreasing levels of mast cells and/or basophils in the subject.

Specific modes of administration of dexpramipexole or salt thereof will depend on the indication. The selection of the specific route of administration and the dose regimen may be adjusted or titrated by the clinician according to methods known to the clinician in order to obtain the optimal clinical response. The amount of compound to be administered may be that amount which is therapeutically effective. The dosage to be administered may depend on the characteristics of the subject being treated, e.g., the particular animal or human subject treated, age, weight, body mass index, body surface area, health, types of concurrent treatment, if any, and frequency of treatments, and can be easily determined by one of skill in the art (e.g., by the clinician).

In the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered in a pharmaceutical composition. Each of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be used in any of the methods or dosage regimens described herein.

In some embodiments, administering a therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may include administering dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a controlled release form.

Pharmaceutical compositions containing dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a solid dosage may include, but are not limited to, softgels, tablets, capsules, cachets, pellets, pills, powders and granules; topical dosage forms which include, but are not limited to, solutions, powders, fluid emulsions, fluid suspensions, semi-solids, ointments, pastes, creams, gels and jellies, and foams; and parenteral dosage forms which include, but are not limited to, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, and dry powder; comprising an effective amount of a polymer or copolymer of the present invention.

It is also known in the art that the active ingredients may be contained in such compositions with pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, fillers, disintegrants, binders, lubricants, surfactants, hydrophobic vehicles, water-soluble vehicles, emulsifiers, buffers, humectants, moisturizers, solubilizers, preservatives and the like. The means and methods for administration are known in the art and an artisan can refer to various pharmacologic references for guidance. For example, Modern Pharmaceutics, Banker & Rhodes, Marcel Dekker, Inc. (1979); and Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmaceutical Basis of Therapeutics, 6th Edition, MacMillan Publishing Co., New York (1980) can be consulted.

In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions may be suitable for oral administration such as, for example, a solid oral dosage form or a capsule, and in certain embodiments, the composition may be a tablet. Such tablets may include any number of additional agents such as, for example, one or more binder, one or more lubricant, one or more diluent, one or more surface active agent, one or more dispersing agent, one or more colorant, and the like. Such tablets may be prepared by any method known in the art, for example, by compression or molding. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the ingredients of the composition in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, and molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets, of some embodiments, may be uncoated and, in other embodiments, they may be coated by known techniques.

In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions may be provided in a dragee core with suitable coatings. In such embodiments, dragee cores may be prepared using concentrated sugar solutions, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures. In some embodiments, dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses. In yet other embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions including a therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole prepared for oral administration may include, but are not limited to, push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. The push-fit capsules may contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as, e.g., lactose, binders such as, e.g., starches, and/or lubricants such as, e.g., talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers. In soft capsules, the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols. In addition, stabilizers may be added. All compositions for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for such administration.

In embodiments in which the tablets and dragee cores are coated, the coatings may delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby providing a sustained action over a longer period. Additionally, such coatings may be adapted for release of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a predetermined pattern (e.g., in order to achieve a controlled release composition) or it may be adapted not to release the active compound until after passage of the stomach (enteric coating). Suitable coatings encompassed by such embodiments may include, but are not limited to, sugar coating, film coating (e.g., hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose, methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, acrylate copolymers, polyethylene glycols and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone), or an enteric coating (e.g., methacrylic acid copolymer, cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, shellac, and/or ethyl cellulose). Furthermore, a time delay material such as, for example, glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may be incorporated into the coatings of some embodiments. In still other embodiments, solid tablet compositions may include a coating adapted to protect the composition from unwanted chemical changes, for example, to reduce chemical degradation prior to the release of the active drug substance.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions including dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be prepared as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles suitable for injection. In such embodiments, such liquid compositions may further include formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and or dispersing agents formulated for parenteral administration. Such injectable compositions may be administered by any route, for example, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial or bolus injection or continuous infusion, and in embodiments in which injectable compositions are administered by continuous infusion, such infusion may be carried out for a period of about 15 minutes to about hours. In certain embodiments, compositions for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.

In other embodiments, dexpramipexole may be formulated as a depot preparation, and such long acting compositions may be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection. Depot injections may be administered at about 1 to about 6 months or longer intervals. In some embodiments, the frequency of doses of the dexpramipexole described herein administered by depot injection may be once a month, every three months, or once a year. The compounds may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example, as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.

In still other embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions including dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be formulated for buccal or sublingual administration. In such embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared as chewable tablets, flash melts or lozenges formulated in any conventional manner.

In yet other embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions including dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be formulated for administration by inhalation. In such embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions may be delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol, the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsules and cartridges of, e.g., gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.

In further embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions including dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered intranasally or by inhalation including, but not limited to, an intranasal spray or by pulmonary inhalation with an appropriate carrier. One suitable route of administration is a depot form formulated from a biodegradable suitable polymer, e.g., poly-D,L-lactide-coglycolide as microcapsules, microgranules or cylindrical implants containing dispersed dexpramipexole.

In further embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions including dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.

In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions including dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be formulated for transdermal administration. For example, such pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared to be applied to a plaster or applied by transdermal, therapeutic systems supplied to the subject. In other embodiments, pharmaceutical and therapeutic compositions including dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for transdermal administration may include a suitable solid or gel phase carriers or excipients such as, but are not limited to, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars, starches, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, and polymers such as, e.g., polyethyleneglycols. In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions including dexpramipexole may be administered alone as a single therapeutic agent. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions including dexpramipexole may be administered in combination with one or more other active ingredients, such as, for example, adjuvants, protease inhibitors, or other compatible drugs or compounds where such a combination is seen to be desirable or advantageous in achieving the desired effects of the methods described herein.

The pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be prepared, packaged, or sold in bulk as a single unit dose or as multiple unit doses and may be administered in the conventional manner by any route where they are active. For example, the compositions may be administered orally, ophthalmically, intravenously, intramuscularly, intra-arterially, intramedullary, intrathecally, intraventricularly, transdermally, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravesicularly, intranasally, enterally, topically, sublingually, rectally, by inhalation, by depot injections, or by implants or by use of vaginal creams, suppositories, pessaries, vaginal rings, rectal suppositories, intrauterine devices, and transdermal forms such as patches and creams. Specific modes of administration will depend on the indication. The selection of the specific route of administration and the dose regimen may be adjusted or titrated by the clinician according to known methods in order to obtain the optimal clinical response. All of the methods described herein may be carried out by administering dexpramipexole by any such route for administration described herein. Additionally, dexpramipexole may be delivered by using any such route of administration for all of the dosage regimens described herein. The compositions and amounts of non-active ingredients in such a composition may depend on the amount of the active ingredient, and on the size and shape of the tablet or capsule. Such parameters may be readily appreciated and understood by one of skill in the art.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compounds may be formulated readily by combining these compounds with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art. Such carriers enable the compounds to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions and the like, for oral ingestion by a subject to be treated. Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use may be obtained by adding a solid excipient, optionally grinding the resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores. Suitable excipients include, but are not limited to, fillers such as sugars, including, but not limited to, lactose, sucrose, mannitol, and sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, but not limited to, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). In some embodiments, disintegrating agents may be added, such as, but not limited to, the cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may include a diluent in an amount from about 20% to about 50% by weight of said composition; optionally, a second diluent in an amount from about 10% to about 30% by weight of said composition; optionally, a disintegrant in an amount from about 2% to about 6% of said composition; optionally, a lubricant in an amount from about 0.01% to about 2% of said composition; and dexpramipexole. In further embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may include any amount or combination of microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, croscarmellose magnesium stearate, or combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may include microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, or a combination thereof. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may include microcrystalline cellulose in an amount from about 20% to about 50% by weight of said composition; mannitol in an amount from about 10% to about 30% by weight of said composition; crospovidone in an amount from about 2% to about 6% of said composition; magnesium stearate in an amount from about 0.01% to about 2% of said composition; and dexpramipexole.

The pharmaceutical composition may have a chiral purity for dexpramipexole of at least 99.5%, preferably at least 99.6%, preferably at least 99.7%, preferably at least 99.8%, preferably at least 99.9%, preferably at least 99.95%, or more preferably at least 99.99%. In some embodiments, the chiral purity for dexpramipexole is 100%. In some embodiments, the composition has a chiral purity for dexpramipexole of 99.9% or greater. In some embodiments, the composition has a chiral purity for dexpramipexole of 99.95% or greater. In some embodiments, the composition has a chiral purity for dexpramipexole of 99.99% or greater. The high chiral purity of the pramipexole used herein, dexpramipexole, allows for therapeutic compositions that may have a wide individual and daily dose range.

The embodiments for amounts of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the pharmaceutical composition, chiral purity, and dosage form, which are described herein separately for the sake of brevity, may be joined in any suitable combination.

In a further embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition may comprise a therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a NOAEL dose amount of pramipexole. The pharmaceutical composition may further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or excipient. Such embodiments may further include one or more diluent, one or more disintegrant, one or more lubricant, one or more pigment or colorant, one or more gelatin, one or more plasticizer and the like.

In some embodiments, the NOAEL dose amount of pramipexole is less than about 1.50 mg. In other embodiments, the NOAEL dose amount of pramipexole is an amount that does not exceed about 1.0 mg. In certain embodiments, the NOAEL dose amount of pramipexole is an amount that does not exceed about 0.75 mg, about 0.5 mg, about 0.25 mg, about 0.125 mg or about 0.05 mg. In some embodiments, the NOAEL dose amount of pramipexole is less than about 0.5 mg, less than about 0.125 mg, or less than about 0.05 mg. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole and a NOAEL amount of pramipexole are administered in a single unit dose form.

Embodiments of the invention are not limited to any particular agent encompassed by the classes of agents described above, and any agent that falls within any of these categories may be utilized in embodiments of the invention. Non-limiting examples of such agents are provided for clarity. Any of the secondary agents described above may be useful in embodiments of the invention.

The embodiments for disease states, subject type, daily dose amounts, therapeutically effective amounts, no observable adverse effect level dose amounts, non-effective dose amounts, pharmaceutical compositions, and chiral purities for the methods of the invention, which are described herein separately for the sake of brevity, can be joined in any suitable combination.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.

Recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the invention.

Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein. It is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in, or deleted from, a group for reasons of convenience and/or patentability. When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all Markush groups used in the appended claims.

Certain embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Of course, variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

Specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using “consisting of” or “consisting essentially of” language, rather than “comprising”. When used in the claims, whether as filed or added per amendment, the transition term “consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claims. The transition term “consisting essentially of” limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s). Embodiments of the invention so claimed are inherently or expressly described and enabled herein.

In closing, it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention. Other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention. Thus, by way of example, but not of limitation, alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described.

EXAMPLE 1

Effects of Dexpramipexole on Minipig Eosinophils

In a 39-week repeat-dose toxicology study, minipigs were dosed at 0, 7.5, 25, and 75 mg/kg dexpramipexole by daily oral gavage through Study Day 45 and at 0, 7.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg dexpramipexole from Study Day 46 to study completion. As shown in FIG. 1, dexpramipexole produced both a dose- and time-dependent reduction in eosinophils. The effects of dexpramipexole treatment on minipig eosinophils was statistically significant at 39 weeks in the 25 mg/kg group and at all time points in the 50/75 mg/kg group. These differences were not considered adverse from a safety perspective.

EXAMPLE 2

Eosinophil and Basophil Reductions in a Phase 2 Trial in ALS Subjects

In a Phase 2 trial in ALS, a dose- and time-dependent decrease in eosinophil counts was seen among subjects receiving dexpramipexole treatment. The Phase 2 trial was a two-part, double-blind study that evaluated the safety, tolerability, and clinical effects of dexpramipexole in ALS patients.

In Part 1, subjects were randomized to placebo (n=27), 50 mg/day (n=23), 150 mg/day (n=26), or 300 mg/day dexpramipexole (n=26) for 12 weeks. From baseline to week 12, mean serum eosinophils increased by 29.2% in the placebo group and declined by 18.2% (p=0.0370), 69.9%, (p<0.0001), and 42.9% (p=0.0008) in the 50 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg groups, respectively (FIG. 2A).

During a one-month washout following week 12, mean eosinophils at week 16 recovered to 47% and 73% of baseline levels in the 150 and 300 mg/day groups, respectively.

Following drug washout, subjects in part 2 re-randomized to 150 mg twice daily had a greater decline in eosinophils from week 16 to week 40 than subjects re-randomized to 25 mg twice daily (78.9% vs 17.6%, p=0.011).

EXAMPLE 3

Eosinophil-Lowering and Basophil-Lowering Effects of Dexpramipexole in a Phase 3 Trial

The phase 3 clinical trial was a double-blind study of dexpramipexole in ALS patients randomized 1:1 to placebo or dexpramipexole 300 mg daily treatment. Hematology parameters were collected as part of routine safety monitoring. Eosinophil and basophil counts were retrospectively analyzed by visit.

Eosinophil levels were summarized over available time points and analyzed by ANOVA testing the effect of treatment vs. placebo on mean changes in serum eosinophil counts from baseline. Subjects with baseline eosinophils from 0 to 0.02×10⁹/L (constituting less than 2% of all subjects analyzed) were censored from the primary analysis because of the inherent limitation to observe a decline from baseline.

The eosinophil-lowering effect developed slowly, reached plateau at about month 4, and persisted through month 12 (FIG. 2B). A profound decrease in peripheral blood eosinophil count was observed after 8-12 weeks of treatment with dexpramipexole that persisted for the duration of the trial. Statistical analysis of the change from baseline was performed at month 6 to remove the effect of study dropouts in later months. At this time point, mean eosinophil counts were 68.4% reduced from baseline (p<0.0001).

The effect of dexpramipexole in reducing eosinophil counts was observed in most patients, with 77.5% of dexpramipexole-treated subjects experiencing a 50% or greater decline in eosinophil count after 6 months of treatment.

ALS is not typically associated with a systemic inflammatory response and accordingly baseline eosinophil counts in the dexpramipexole-treated and placebo groups of 0.129 and 0.127×10⁹/L, respectively, were within the reference range. However, the eosinophil-lowering effect of dexpramipexole was not diminished in subjects (n=42) with higher eosinophil counts (i.e. >0.25×10⁹/L), among whom a 75% decrease was observed after 6 months of treatment (data not shown).

Changes in basophil counts were also analyzed in the Phase 3 trial. As shown in FIG. 3A, basophil counts, like eosinophil counts, declined slowly, reached plateau at about month 4, and remained reduced for the duration of treatment through month 12. At the six month analysis, mean basophil counts were 45.5% reduced from baseline (p<0.0001).

EXAMPLE 4

Effects of Dexpramipexole on ALS Clinical Trial Subjects with Baseline Hypereosinophilia

Baseline parameters were reviewed in Phase 2 and Phase 3 studies of dexpramipexole in ALS to identify subjects with significantly elevated eosinophil counts prior to the initiation of dexpramipexole treatment. As shown in FIG. 4A, one Phase 2 subject with hypereosinophilia at Part 2 baseline showed a decrease in eosinophil counts with dexpramipexole treatment. The substantial reduction in eosinophils persisted for the period the subject remained on dexpramipexole through month 12.

As shown in FIG. 4B, a Phase 3 subject with elevated eosinophil counts at baseline also showed a decrease in eosinophil counts with dexpramipexole treatment. This subject had the highest baseline eosinophil count in the dexpramipexole treatment group in the Phase 3 study and showed a decrease in eosinophil counts on treatment. The substantial reduction in eosinophils persisted for the period the subject remained on dexpramipexole through month 12.

EXAMPLE 5

Hematological Effects of Dexpramipexole

Hematological parameters were measured in a Phase 3 study of dexpramipexole in ALS. Because of the high rate of mortality among ALS patients, including subjects in the Phase 3 trial, hematology parameters obtained at the month 6 visit were chosen for analysis to remove the effect of study dropouts in later months. At month 6 in the Phase 3 study, all myeloid and lymphoid cell types measured showed statistically significant mean reductions from baseline, although the magnitude of the effect was greatest for eosinophils, which declined 68.4% from baseline, and basophils, which declined 45.5% from baseline (FIG. 5). Notably among hematology parameters, there was no effect of dexpramipexole on either red blood cells or platelets compared to the control group.

EXAMPLE 6

Effects of Dexpramipexole on the Bone Marrow of Mice

The study consisted of 3 groups of BALB/cByJ mice (10 mice per group). Mice received daily gavage treatments of either 30 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg of dexpramipexole or vehicle control for 70 days. Bone marrow was processed into single cell suspensions and cells were stained with fluorescent conjugate antibodies to analyze the developmental stages of cells by flow cytometry. A. Dexpramipexole lowered the number of cell surface marker Sca1⁺ c-Kit⁺ cells that are lineage negative, which in the bone marrow are multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, after treatment with either dose compared with the vehicle control treatment group. B. Dexpramipexole lowered Siglec-F^(lo) IL5Rα^(hi) positive cells, marking developing B cells, basophils and other cell populations, after treatment with either dose compared with the vehicle control treatment group. The columns depict the mean for each group and the error bar indicates the standard error of the mean. The asterisks denote statistical significance between treatment groups and the vehicle control group by one-way ANOVA (* p≦0.05, ** p≦0.01). 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating a condition characterized by elevated levels of mast cells, elevated levels of activation of mast cells, elevated levels of basophils, elevated levels of activation of basophils, elevated levels of eosinophils, elevated levels of activation of eosinophils, or a combination thereof in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole; wherein the condition is selected from the group consisting of chronic urticaria, chronic idiopathic urticaria, chronic autoimmune urticaria, aquagenic urticaria, cholinergic urticaria, contact urticaria, exercise-induced urticaria, physical urticaria, acquired cold urticaria, delayed pressure urticaria, heat urticaria, solar urticaria, demographic urticaria, urticaria factitia, uticaria pigmentosa, and any combination thereof.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the therapeutically effective dose is selected from a group consisting of about 1 mg to about 1,000 mg per day, about 50 mg to about 600 mg per day, and about 150 mg to about 300 mg per day.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is selected from a group consisting of at least about 150 mg, at least about 300 mg, and at least about 600 mg.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein administering is selected from a group consisting of administering a fraction of the therapeutically effective amount two or more times per day, administering an amount equal to about half of the therapeutically effective amount twice per day, and administering the therapeutically effective amount every 12 hours.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein administering comprises administering about 150 mg two times per day.
 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising an induction step, wherein said induction step is selected from a group consisting of administering a therapeutic agent that is capable of decreasing mast cell levels, decreasing basophil levels, decreasing eosinophil levels, decreasing the activation level of mast cells, decreasing the activation level of basophils, decreasing the activation level of eosinophils, and a combination thereof; wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of a glucocorticoid, a corticosteroid, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, a fusion protein, a monoclonal antibody directed against one or more pro-inflammatory cytokines, a chemotherapeutic agent, a phenolic antioxidant, an anti-proliferative drug, an anti IL-5 monoclonal antibody, an IL-5 receptor monoclonal antibody, an anti IL-13 monoclonal antibody, an anti IL-13 receptor monoclonal antibody, an anti IL-4 monoclonal antibody, an anti IL-4 receptor monoclonal antibody, an anti IgE monoclonal antibody, a TNF-α inhibitor, a fusion protein, an anti-inflammatory drug, and a combination thereof.
 7. A method of treating a chronic urticaria in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the chronic urticaria is selected from a group consisting of chronic idiopathic urticaria, chronic autoimmune urticaria, aquagenic urticaria, cholinergic urticaria, contact urticaria, exercise-induced urticaria, physical urticaria, acquired cold urticaria, delayed pressure urticaria, heat urticaria, solar urticaria, demographic urticaria, urticaria factitia, and any combination thereof.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is selected from a group consisting of about 1 mg to about 1,000 mg per day, about 50 mg to about 600 mg per day, and about 150 mg to about 300 mg per day.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is selected from a group consisting of at least about 150 mg, at least about 300 mg, and at least about 600 mg.
 11. The method of claim 7, wherein administering is selected from a group consisting of administering a fraction of the therapeutically effective amount two or more times per day, administering an amount equal to about half of the therapeutically effective amount twice per day, and administering the therapeutically effective amount every 12 hours.
 12. The method of claim 7, wherein administering comprises administering about 150 mg two times per day.
 13. The method of claim 7, further comprising an induction step, wherein said induction step is selected from a group consisting of administering a therapeutic agent that is capable of decreasing mast cell levels, decreasing basophil levels, decreasing eosinophil levels, decreasing the activation level of mast cells, decreasing the activation level of basophils, decreasing the activation level of eosinophils, and a combination thereof; wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of a glucocorticoid, a corticosteroid, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, a fusion protein, a monoclonal antibody directed against one or more pro-inflammatory cytokines, a chemotherapeutic agent, a phenolic antioxidant, an anti-proliferative drug, an anti-proliferative drug, an anti IL-5 monoclonal antibody, an IL-5 receptor monoclonal antibody, an anti IL-13 monoclonal antibody, an anti IL-13 receptor monoclonal antibody, an anti IL-4 monoclonal antibody, an anti IL-4 receptor monoclonal antibody, an anti IgE monoclonal antibody, a TNF-α inhibitor, a fusion protein, an anti-inflammatory drug, and a combination thereof.
 14. The method of claim 6, wherein the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is imatinib.
 15. The method of claim 6, wherein the anti IL-5 monoclonal antibody is selected from the group consisting of mepolizumab and reslizumab.
 16. The method of claim 6, wherein the IL-5 receptor monoclonal antibody is benralizumab.
 17. The method of claim 6, wherein the anti IL-13 monoclonal antibody is lebrikizumab.
 18. The method of claim 6, wherein the anti IL-4 receptor monoclonal antibody is dupilumab.
 19. The method of claim 6, wherein the anti IgE monoclonal antibody is omalizumab.
 20. The method of claim 6, wherein the TNF-α inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, and golimumab.
 21. The method of claim 6, wherein the fusion protein is etanercept.
 22. The method of claim 13, wherein the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is imatinib.
 23. The method of claim 13, wherein the anti IL-5 monoclonal antibody is selected from the group consisting of mepolizumab and reslizumab.
 24. The method of claim 13, wherein the IL-5 receptor monoclonal antibody is benralizumab.
 25. The method of claim 13, wherein the anti IL-13 monoclonal antibody is lebrikizumab.
 26. The method of claim 13, wherein the anti IL-4 receptor monoclonal antibody is dupilumab.
 27. The method of claim 13, wherein the anti IgE monoclonal antibody is omalizumab.
 28. The method of claim 13, wherein the TNF-α inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, and golimumab.
 29. The method of claim 13, wherein the fusion protein is etanercept.
 30. The method of claim 1, wherein administering comprises administering about 75 mg two times per day.
 31. The method of claim 1, wherein administering comprises administering about 300 mg two times per day.
 32. The method of claim 1, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole is administered as an initial dosing regimen and then as a maintenance dosing regimen.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the initial dosing regimen is selected from the group consisting of about 50 mg to about 1500 mg per day, about 150 mg to about 300 mg per day, about 300 mg to about 500 mg per day, and about 300 mg to about 600 mg per day.
 34. The method of claim 32, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the maintenance dosing regimen is selected from the group consisting of about 50 mg to about 1500 mg per day, about 150 mg to about 300 mg per day, about 300 mg to about 500 mg per day, and about 300 mg to about 600 mg per day.
 35. The method of claim 7, wherein administering comprises administering about 75 mg two times per day.
 36. The method of claim 7, wherein administering comprises administering about 300 mg two times per day.
 37. The method of claim 7, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole is administered as an initial dosing regimen and then as a maintenance dosing regimen.
 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the initial dosing regimen is selected from the group consisting of about 50 mg to about 1500 mg per day, about 150 mg to about 300 mg per day, about 300 mg to about 500 mg per day, and about 300 mg to about 600 mg per day.
 39. The method of claim 37, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the maintenance dosing regimen is selected from the group consisting of about 50 mg to about 1500 mg per day, about 150 mg to about 300 mg per day, about 300 mg to about 500 mg per day, and about 300 mg to about 600 mg per day.
 40. A method of treating a condition characterized by elevated levels of mast cells, elevated levels of activation of mast cells, elevated levels of basophils, elevated levels of activation of basophils, elevated levels of eosinophils, elevated levels of activation of eosinophils, or a combination thereof in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole; wherein the condition is selected from the group consisting of allergy, herpes stromal keratitis, ulcerative colitis, erythroderma, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, an endocrinopathy, diabetes mellitus, basophilia due to estrogen administration, hypothyroidism (myxedema), viral infection, tuberculosis, iron deficiency, exposure to ionizing radiation, a neoplasia such as basophilic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, polycythemia vera, primary myelofibrosis, essential thrombocythemia, mastocytosis, cutaneous mastocytosis, systemic mastocytosis, telangiectasia macularis eruptiva perstans, mast cell activation, mast cell activation syndrome, mast cell leukemia, mast cell sarcoma, and a combination thereof.
 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the therapeutically effective dose is selected from a group consisting of about 1 mg to about 1,000 mg per day, about 50 mg to about 600 mg per day, and about 150 mg to about 300 mg per day.
 42. The method of claim 40, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is selected from a group consisting of at least about 150 mg, at least about 300 mg, and at least about 600 mg.
 43. The method of claim 40, wherein administering is selected from a group consisting of administering a fraction of the therapeutically effective amount two or more times per day, administering an amount equal to about half of the therapeutically effective amount twice per day, and administering the therapeutically effective amount every 12 hours.
 44. The method of claim 40, wherein administering comprises administering about 150 mg two times per day.
 45. The method of claim 40, wherein administering comprises administering about 75 mg two times per day.
 46. The method of claim 40, wherein administering comprises administering about 300 mg two times per day.
 47. The method of claim 40, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of dexpramipexole is administered as an initial dosing regimen and then as a maintenance dosing regimen.
 48. The method of claim 47, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the initial dosing regimen is selected from the group consisting of about 50 mg to about 1500 mg per day, about 150 mg to about 300 mg per day, about 300 mg to about 500 mg per day, and about 300 mg to about 600 mg per day.
 49. The method of claim 47, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the maintenance dosing regimen is selected from the group consisting of about 50 mg to about 1500 mg per day, about 150 mg to about 300 mg per day, about 300 mg to about 500 mg per day, and about 300 mg to about 600 mg per day.
 50. The method of claim 40, further comprising an induction step, wherein said induction step is selected from a group consisting of administering a therapeutic agent that is capable of decreasing mast cell levels, decreasing basophil levels, decreasing eosinophil levels, decreasing the activation level of mast cells, decreasing the activation level of basophils, decreasing the activation level of eosinophils, and a combination thereof; wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of a glucocorticoid, a corticosteroid, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, a fusion protein, a monoclonal antibody directed against one or more pro-inflammatory cytokines, a chemotherapeutic agent, a phenolic antioxidant, an anti-proliferative drug, an anti IL-5 monoclonal antibody, an IL-5 receptor monoclonal antibody, an anti IL-13 monoclonal antibody, an anti IL-13 receptor monoclonal antibody, an anti IL-4 monoclonal antibody, an anti IL-4 receptor monoclonal antibody, an anti IgE monoclonal antibody, a TNF-α inhibitor, a fusion protein, an anti-inflammatory drug, and a combination thereof.
 51. The method of claim 50, wherein the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is imatinib.
 52. The method of claim 50, wherein the anti IL-5 monoclonal antibody is selected from the group consisting of mepolizumab and reslizumab.
 53. The method of claim 50, wherein the IL-5 receptor monoclonal antibody is benralizumab.
 54. The method of claim 50, wherein the anti IL-13 monoclonal antibody is lebrikizumab.
 55. The method of claim 50, wherein the anti IL-4 receptor monoclonal antibody is dupilumab.
 56. The method of claim 50, wherein the anti IgE monoclonal antibody is omalizumab.
 57. The method of claim 50, wherein the TNF-α inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, and golimumab.
 58. The method of claim 50, wherein the fusion protein is etanercept.
 59. The method of claim 1, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is administered orally.
 60. The method of claim 1, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is administered topically.
 61. The method of claim 7, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is administered orally.
 62. The method of claim 7, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is administered topically.
 63. The method of claim 40, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is administered orally.
 64. The method of claim 40, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is administered topically. 